Ethical Issues with HIV Positive Clients

Ethical Issues with HIV Positive Clients Introduction HIV and infectious diseases is a sensitive issue that has prompted the introduction of additional laws to protect the psychological and emotional needs of the clients. Ethical values basically guide ethical behavior and conduct. Various moral concerns have been identified since the emergence of HIV. Ethical Principles Basic principles that guide medical behavior include respect for persons, justice and beneficence (Angel, 1998). Fundamentally, these are achieved through keeping promises, upholding respect and maintaining confidentiality (Wolf, 2001).Other ethical principles include utilitarian perspective and the ethic of caring (Wolf, 2001). Ethical Issues Confidentiality. Generally, all medical information and records are expected to be kept confidential. Gostin et al (1997) shows that the sensitive nature of information related to HIV and other infections have prompted creation of additional laws to protect the affected clients. There are exceptions however that allow the healthcare personnel to report cases to healthcare authorities (Gostin et al, 1997); the need to disclose the status to the persons at risk (Gostin Webber, 1998); the case relating to infected healthcare personnel that rested in the formation of a panel of experts that restrict the activities of the infected workers or inform the patients of their status (Kass, et al, 1996; Lurie Wolfe, 1999; Singer et al, 2006; Varmus Satcher, 1999); prenatal testing that has introduced routine testing to all expectant mothers (Connor et al, 2004, Levine 1998 ; Sargent, 2000) End of life issues. Ferriman (2001) ascertains that this existed during the initial times of the emergence of HIV when it had the capacity to develop in to a terminal disease in a short period of time. Availability of effective ARVs has changed the situation (Lurie Wolfe, 1999). However, it still affects populations with limited resources. Palliative care is essential. Vaccine Research. Wolf and Berkey (2000) indicate that the minority are employed in trials. Wolf (2001) notes that the populations have false hopes about the possibility of being cured. Vaccines have adverse impacts on the immunity of the participants. Participants may be denied travel rights due to the health implications of the vaccine. There eligibility of taking up certain jobs is affected. Gostin and Webber (1998 show that at times the participants are labeled very vulnerable to infection. This has far reaching implications n their behavior. Confidentiality is often breeched by the researchers. Research ethics. Feriman (2001) points out that the participants are not given vital information prior to research. In other instances, their consent is not sought. Healthcare providers contribute to the misconceptions (Gostin, 2000). Patients are not informed about the implications of the research. Loyalty by patients makes them to avoid informing themselves of the necessary procedures. Patients at times provide information in return for better services from the healthcare in future. Healthcare providers undertaking research place greater emphasis on financial benefits rather than the interests of the patients. Summary It is clear that the ethical principles of respect for people, justice and beneficence provide essential guidance in health care. In addition, the utilitarian perspective and the ethic of caring also provide vital guidance to medical behavior. Notably, these enable the clinicians to interact with HIV positive patients and those with infectious diseases in a sustainable manner. Ethical concerns such as confidentiality, end of life, informed consent, vaccine research, research design and conflict of interest characterize the interaction between patients with infectious illnesses such as HIV and clinicians. Recommendations Patients need to be informed of their legal rights prior to testing. Pretest procedures and counseling need to be upheld. With regard to HIV vaccine research, it is important that the trials be carried out on a population that is globally representative. Finally, it would be important for the researchers carrying out medical research about infectious diseases to be guided by fundamental clinical ethics References Introduction The sensitivity that is associated with HIV positive clients, infectious diseases and relative information requires the clinicians to uphold a high degree of morality when interacting with the patients at different levels. Since the emergence of the epidemic, various ethical concerns have been identified in different instances. In order to ensure that the wellbeing of the patients and healthcare providers is protected, measures have been undertaken to address the concerns accordingly. Indeed, it is worth acknowledging that the psychological wellbeing of the HIV positive patients plays a critical role in their holistic wellbeing. Physical wellbeing can be achieved if the patients are handled with the greatest level of care. It is against this background that this paper explores the ethical issues concerning HIV positive clients and other infectious diseases controlled by the health department guidelines. In order to enhance a harmonic consideration, the paper starts by underscoring the basic ethical principles underpinning healthcare and relative research. Then, it exhaustively reviews several ethical concerns and comes up with recommendations that would effectively address the ethical issues. Ethical Principles Clinical work and related research is governed by various ethical and moral principles that guide professional behavior and conduct. When dealing with persons that are HIV positive or those with other infectious diseases, it is imperative to observe these principles as they make the patients feel appreciated and cared for. Of great importance is the moral worth that these values enhance. In particular, Angell (1998) indicates that respect for people, justice and beneficence are fundamental values that govern any form of clinical interaction. The value of respect for persons demands that the decisions and autonomy of other individuals be upheld. In addition, this principle postulates that persons that lack autonomy and those that are unable to make independent decisions be protected. Justice requires that all persons irrespective of their status be treated in a fair manner. The ideal state of justice is characterized by equal distribution of the burdens and benefits within the society. Finally, beneficence imposes upon the clinicians a responsibility to act in the interests of the patients. In order to achieve this Wolf (2000) asserts that the ability to keep promises, uphold respect and maintain a high degree of confidentiality is essential. Other ethical principles that can be used to guide the conduct of clinicians in this field include the utilitarian perspective and the ethic of caring (Wolf, 2001). The former places emphasis on the consequences of the activities and postulates that clinical behavior can only be morally acceptable if its consequences are desirable and enhance the greatest good for the majority of the population. The latter on the other hand judges the activities based on the effect that they have on relationships. However, Wolf (2000) indicates that some of these principles conflict and therefore can not be applied jointly. In addition, it is notable that some principles can not be applied in some situations. The clinicians should therefore weigh the relevance of a principle to a situation before applying it. This is important to avoid conflicts that are likely to stem from application of multiple principles. Of great importance however is to ensure that the greatest degree of good for the greatest m ajority is always upheld. Ethical Issues Over time, various ethical concerns have arisen from the interaction between HIV positive patients and clinicians. Confidentiality is one such issue that has been considered to be very important in this regard. Generally, the law provides that all medical information be treated with a high degree of confidentiality. However, Gostin et al (1997) shows that the sensitive nature of information related to HIV and other infectious diseases has prompted various states to adopt relevant laws that offer additional protection to the same. These laws prevent disclosure of information related to HIV without prior authorization. However, as indicated earlier, there are different contexts that might require that such information be disclosed without the knowledge and/ or authorization of the patients. Basically, such steps are considered ethical as they seek to enhance the greatest good for the greatest percentage of a population. To begin with, the law allows the healthcare personnel to report HIV infections to relevant public heath authorities. Gostin (2000) contends that the advantages of this reporting basically outweigh the risk discrimination of the infected individual. Usually, the name of the individual is not provided during reporting. However, epidemiological studies show that in order for intervention measures to yield optimal results, there is need to encourage provision of name based information during reporting. Nonetheless, it has been argued that this has the capacity to increase the risk of discrimination and therefore should be avoided. This position is also held by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention that ensure that testing of HIV is made anonymous. Another scenario that breeches confidentiality but is not punishable by law is when the healthcare providers disclose the status of a patient to persons that may be at risk of infection. In this regard, Gostin and Webber (1998) ascertain that the right of a patient to be accorded confidentiality is often in conflict with the right of the partner to be notified accordingly. Despite the fact that confidentiality is instrumental in avoiding discrimination, it needs to be appreciated that the implications of failing to inform a non suspecting partner can be far reaching. In order to avoid conflicts, the patients are usually advised during counseling to reveal their status to their sex partners. Another exception with regard to confidentiality of information that is HIV related concerns the healthcare workers that are infected with the disease. This particularly affects the workers who perform exposure prone procedures. In this respect, Singer et al (2006) cites the US law that demands that the status of these workers be reviewed by the expert panel. This then makes a decision regarding whether to prevent the infected workers from performing such procedures or to inform the patients about their infection. The equivalency policy that demands that the healthcare workers disclose their status has been increasingly adopted by various states. From an ethical perspective, disclosure of HIV status by the health workers and enforcement of some form of restrictions is in line with the best interests of the patients. However, various studies of whom Lurie and Wolfe (1999) are represented argue that this contravenes the privacy of health workers and enhances discrimination especially when the patients are informed. However, it should be appreciated that the benefit of the uninfected patient outweighs the risk of discrimination of a heath worker by the same. To address these concerns, a more viable approach would be for the council of experts to place restrictions but avoid informing the patient, unless under special conditions. Another ethical issue regarding HIV positive patients and those with infectious diseases is informed consent before testing. Basically, various clinical tests that involve testing of the blood samples of the patients do not require consent. However, the realization that testing for HIV had various negative implications led to the need for informed consent. The specific psychosocial risks that are presented by HIV testing include restriction of lack of access to insurance, healthcare or housing, possibility of rejection by family, friends and/ or close relatives and discrimination during employment. Thus special procedures that seek the consent of the patient such as pretest counseling and need for specific informed consent from the patient are a prerequisite. These measures ensure that the patient is psychologically and emotionally prepared to deal with the implications of the results. Essentially, the information that needs to be availed to the patient prior to testing include the benefits and risks of testing, risky behaviors, measures undertaken to prevent transmission, the nature of the test and confidentiality of the test. These are always coupled with an informed consent from the patient. In their review, Varmus and Satcher (1999) indicate that most states require that the patient provide a written consent. However this provision has various exceptions. In some instances, prisoners are persons that are accused of sexual crimes are often tested without consent. In addition, some states have made the testing mandatory for new born babies. In his study, Kass et al (1996) indicates that this also reveals the status of the mother. Notably, prenatal testing is also undertaken without consent from the mother. Fundamentally, early detection is instrumental in preventing mother to child transmission. Initially, prenatal testing was undertaken after a pretest counseling and informed consent. However, changes were proposed and currently, all pregnant mothers undergo a routine prenatal HIV testing. However, the revised edition of this law by the US Public Health Service presented a need for informed consent, although it is not clarify whether this needs to be verbal or written. Connor et al (2004) ascertains that the proposals that seek to make HIV testing mandatory for pregnant mothers are compounded by different complexities. To begin with, the provision does not ascertain whether it would be accepted by all the mothers or not. In this regard, it should be appreciated that some mothers may not be willing to undergo the test. It was posited that once this provision is made a routine requirement, it would become difficult for the pregnant mothers to determine whether they have a right to decline the test or not. Notably, this undermines the principles of autonomy as this critical decision would be beyond the ability of the affected mothers. Further, Sargent (2000) indicates that the care provides are likely to forget that HIV testing has various psychological implications that are likely to compromise the wellbeing of the mothers. In this respect it is recommended that precautionary protective measures be undertaken prior to testing. Further, foregoing the pretest procedures has the capacity to undermine preventive efforts. Connor et al (2004) indicates that in this regard, the mothers would not be informed about these important measures and they would fail to take necessary measures to prevent themselves from contracting new infections. Generally, it is agued that the proposed routine testing may compromise the adherence to vital pretest procedures. The possible spill over effects to the rest of the population can adversely affect the wellbeing of the general population. Further, Levine (1998) points out that pregnant mothers who are HIV positive are usually expected to make various choices regarding their health and pregnancy. In this regard, these women should not be forced to either undergo sterilization or abortion. In addition, the pregnant mothers should be counseled accordingly in order to enable them make viable decisions to either continue carrying the pregnancy or terminate it. Another ethical issue regarding HIV positive patients includes end of life issues. In this regard, Ferriman (2001) appreciates that before the development of antiretroviral therapy, HIV usually progressed very quickly to a terminal disease. However, this concern has in the recent past been less prominent due to the availability of antiretroviral therapy. However, it should be acknowledged that some segments of the global population lack vital resources to cater for these concerns. In such incidences, palliative care that seeks to reduce suffering is essential. In instances where resources are not available, care is fundamentally limited to psychological support that basically helps the patients plan for issues such as child custody and burial. Nevertheless, Lurie and Wolfe (1999) indicate that this scenario is probably changing as measures are being undertaken to increase the provision of anti retroviral drugs to the affected population. Practical measures in this respect include pre ssuring the relevant pharmaceutical companies to provide the drugs at affordable prices, providing resources for purchase of the drugs and allowing production of generic drugs. Further, it is argued that the HIV vaccine research has also been fraught with numerous ethical complications. To begin with, Wolf and Berkeley (2000) indicate that the minority of the population has increasingly been employed in research. In this respect, it is posited that population samples for trials are often picked from developing countries. Furthermore, Wolf (2001) notes that the population involved in research often has positive hope because of the belief that it is actually a cure. As such, participants tend to involve themselves in risky behaviors. This implies that the nature and function of the trial is not often communicated to them in an effective manner. In addition, it shows that the researchers place more emphasis on the results of the research rather than the protection of the participants. In this regard, it would be imperative for the researchers to protect their participants too. This will not only enable them to get high quality research but also save the lives of the vulnerable population. The HIV vaccine trials have also been identified to pose various risks to the participants. In this regard, it is indicated that the participants are often refrained from participating in future researches. In addition, the implications of the trials to the immunity of the participants are still unknown. Further, Levine (1998) asserts that the participants may be frustrated in the long run due to the fact that the vaccine may not be effective. Also, it is argued that the participants often react differently to specific antibody tests that characterize the trial. As a result, they may be prevented from traveling to other countries. In addition, these effects are likely to undermine their eligibility for some government jobs such as the military. This may happen irrespective of the fact that their seroconversion may not be a representation of an infection. Furthermore, the participants are likely to face some form of stigmatization as a result of disclosure to friends and relatives. In their review, Gostin and Webber (1998) ascertain that certain phases of the trial often identify some of the participants to have a high risk of contracting the infection. This has various implications and may pose difficulties to the particular person. Finally, consistent research indicates that confidentiality of the status of the participants has increasingly been breached in the past. Recent surveys affirm that this often happens, irrespective of the fact that the researchers are charged with the responsibility of keeping the status of the participants confidential. Further, ethical issues have increasingly been raised with regard to conducting research about infectious diseases and HIV. To begin with Ferriman (2001) indicates that the participants need to be informed prior to the research and their consent sought. Often, the expectations of the participants tend to undermine the quality of the research. In this regard it is worth acknowledging that most of the participants consent to participate in research, not because of the need to help the researcher to obtain vital results but of the expectations to attain personal benefits. The widespread misconceptions about the importance of the research often make some patients to misinterpret the information availed to them. In the long run, the quality of the research is greatly undermined. Health care providers have been cited by Gostin (2000) to contribute significantly to these misconceptions. In this regard, it is noteworthy that the health personnel undertaking a certain research often have an upper hand with regard to the knowledge about the research. In some cases, they fail to inform the patients about the importance of the research. In other instances, they provide wrong advice to the participants and since they have the authority over the patients, the participating patients are inclined to follow their misguided advice. Further, Kass (19996) argues that some patients participate in researches because of the need to please the healthcare staff. In such instances, the participants believe that they would get quality healthcare in return. Moreover, emergent research indicates that the trust that the patients have in the medical institutions often makes them participate in the researches without reviewing the relevant conditions. In such cases, the healthcare providers undertaking the research over estimate the benefits of the same and fail to inform the participants of relevant procedures. Conflict of interests in the area of research and especially that pertaining to infectious diseases also raise various ethical considerations. In this respect, Angell (1998) indicates that these are attributable to the benefits that healthcare researchers get from positive results of their research. In particular, they usually get grants, prestige and promotions fro their research and other published work. As a result, they always aim at recruiting and retaining particular participants in their researches. In some instances, this interest conflicts with the basic interests of the participants. However, the conflicts that are financially oriented often influence the quality of the researches as the decisions made are not objective. In addition, financial conflicts some cases make the researchers to halt the research irrespective of the fact that it is likely to benefit very many individuals. Summary To sum up, it is clear that the ethical principles of respect for people, justice and beneficence provide essential guidance in health care. In addition, the utilitarian perspective and the ethic of caring also provide vital guidance to medical behavior. Notably, these enable the clinicians to interact with HIV positive patients and those with infectious diseases in a sustainable manner. Ethical concerns such as confidentiality, end of life, informed consent, vaccine research, research design and conflict of interest characterize the interaction between patients with infectious illnesses such as HIV and clinicians Recommendations From the analysis, it is certain that ethical issues pertaining to infectious diseases like HIV and Aids are wide and varied. In order to uphold the relevant ethical principles that govern the interaction of patients and clinicians in this regard, it is imperative to put in to consideration various factors. These would ensure that the overall wellbeing of the patients and the clinicians is achieved. To begin with, it is important for the psychologists and other clinicians to inform the patients of their legal rights before assuming any form of treatment or tests. Knowledge about their rights would enable the patients to make objective decisions regarding their status. Particular areas of concern in his regard would be to inform the patients about various exceptions to confidentiality. This would ensure that the patients make informed decisions and in a timely manner. Wolf (2000) proposes that before informing the persons at risk about the status of the patient, psychologists need to inform the patients about their intentions. This would be instrumental in avoiding conflicts at a family level. Furthermore, the importance of pretest procedures and especially counseling should not be understated. Basically, these seek to psychologically prepare the patients to deal with the implications of testing with ease. In particular, the importance of positive living needs to be emphasized. This procedures needs to be extended to prenatal testing. Pregnant mothers have a right to make their decisions and should be allowed to do so through counseling. Much as it is important to protect the life of the unborn, it is worth noting that routine testing that deprives the mother of relevant pretest counseling. With regard to HIV vaccine research, it is important that the trials be carried out on a population that is globally representative. The participants should be well informed about the implications of the trials and their consent sought before the onset of the same. Relevant information should be all inclusive and should entail the emotional, psychological, social and legal implications of the trials. Most importantly, the researchers need to uphold a high level of confidentiality about the status of the patients. Finally, it would be important for the researchers carrying out medical research about infectious diseases to be guided by fundamental clinical ethics. Of great reference in this respect would be their ability to put the interests of the patients before their own. In this regard, they need to inform the participants about the procedures of the research and ensure that they get their consent before beginning the research. In addition, they need to uphold a high level of objectivity when undertaking the research.

Marketing techniques which leads to increase sales

I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the invaluable assistance and support from our company’s entire stakeholder they include various investors, proprietors, clients, and the government. Our company (The Shop Body) has done pretty well this year having had an increase of profits; our company specializes in boutique products. Employees of our esteemed company have also been very instrumental in the company’s success. However the increases of our profits were not up to our expectations, this does not mean we are to stop here but rather we will continue to rise as time flies. ABSTRACT Many companies have collapsed due to poor marketing techniques. These bad marketing techniques include poor promotion of products, recruitment employees who do not have marketing skills, poor placing, and poor packaging among others. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of these poor marketing techniques, on the overall performance of the organization as a whole. The research found out that a number of organizations use traditional ways of marketing which led to collapse or near collapse.   The research therefore concluded that modern marketing techniques to be used for any business to succeed. Introduction Our esteemed company has come a long way. The future is still bright. To achieve a prosperous tomorrow the company has to employ various techniques. Since we are a profit making company we are to focus on increase of sales hence increase in profits. To be able to maximize sales marketing techniques have to be used. The techniques are used to increase demand for our products. Methodology There are several marketing techniques that can be used to be able to attain maximum profits for our prestigious company and this will include the 4ps (Price, promotion, place, product). Price For any company to succeed in any business, pricing is a very important element especially those customers who are price sensitive, Marketing segmentation is also very important in that the organization divides its market into segments according to there buying capability based on their level of income.   The product should price at a lower price if the consumers’ income is low unlike those consumers who have a high income which the pricing will be relatively higher. Promotion The term   promotion   means those marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising and publicity, that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealers effectiveness, such as displays, shows, and exhibitions, demonstrations and various non-recurrent selling efforts not in the ordinary routine. Product The term product means anything that is offered to the customers for acquisition or purchase. since we deal with   boutique shop our products are of a very high standards since we sell the products which go with the fashion, We highly insist on quality of our products which is the selling point of our products, also our company is very innovative   to make products which fit the different segments of our customers. Distribution This is the route followed by the product as it moves from the producer to the user, our distribution channels are very efficient so that the product is brought near the consumer so that it is available to the consume whenever the need arises. There are factors to be considered when selecting channels of distribution, customer characteristics, product characteristics, company characteristics, middlemen characteristics, competitive characteristics and environmental characteristics. Other techniques which increase the sales and profits are; Warfare based This is the use of warlike techniques in marketing so as to be able to achieve success in sales. Binding A brand is a type of a product made by a particular company. Binding is pad zing and presenting of a product distinctively from other products of some category. Consumer Centered This is whereby a company’s promotional efforts of its goods are focused on the consumers. It focuses on their needs and their satisfaction. Marketing positioning Whereby an organization strategically places itself in a market where it is totally accessible by client. Who may be looking for the same products? Findings The techniques are crucial in helping The   Body shop to achieve its main objective which is to maximize sales, it was found that   by proper pricing , promotion, and efficient distribution channels, the sales will increase and then company   will increase its profits more that what it is making at present Market segmentation; ensures the market of is divided into parts so as to easily access them, mainly done by splitting peoples’ ages’ gender and their income. Warfare based: techniques will ensure the company applies military tactics which yield success. However, this does not mean that employees have to undergo strenuous labor but rather being able to counter rival techniques knowing their weak areas. Also meaning striking when least expected. For example launching a new product from The Body Shop all over a sudden to capture the market unwares. Innovation: ensure that The Body Shop comes up with new improved ways of maximizing sales. This is meant to put a boost on the company’s profit since weakness of previous strategies will be stumped out. Discussion A  Ã‚   carrying out the survey and analyzing the findings we found that for any business to succeed and to maintain continuous growth of the business organization   it was found that marketing techniques are very necessary ,Through marketing techniques   our organization has been able to maintain its growth, Recommendations For our organization to increase its market share employees should be trained on marketing techniques so that there can have skills on how to handle their customers, this will enable the organization maximize its profits and explore new markets for its products Conclusions Marketing techniques are used to help a company to serve and satisfy its customers and eventually lead to increase in profits through sales maximization, and by improving of techniques. References 1)Francis.N.K, Fundamental of marketing (1988)   

Can ‘Death of a Salesman’ be Described as a Tragedy Essay

Aristotle first defined a tragedy in literature as a story where the main character is a hero – a very brilliant person – except that he has one major flaw which leads to his downfall, namely, death. Shakespeare then expanded on this and produced his world famous tragedies such as Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and Hamlet. In all of these plays, the main character is a person of high social standing and exceptionally talented, however each has a very serious flaw as well. For example, Romeo is of Italian nobility and is very efficient with a sword and dagger – but he is a fool for love and falls in love with Juliet as soon as he sees her, despite already being in love with Rosaline beforehand. That is the flaw which eventually leads to his demise. This definition has over time become the benchmark for a tragedy. Arthur Miller was an immigrant to the USA and can be seen as the opposite of Willy. Willy, however, is a proud born and bred American and holds to heart the very fundamentals of the American Dream – a very capitalistic ethos. Miller, on the other hand, had communist beliefs which eventually landed him in trouble with the government. Both Death of a Salesman and another of Miller’s plays, All My Sons both have the foundations of the American Dream and also both secretly criticize the capitalistic belief. In Death of a Salesman, Willy dies just trying to live the American Dream and he never gives up on it – an indication of his extreme optimism in all things – despite how blatantly unrealistic achieving the American Dream was for him. The characterisation of Willy Loman is also quite interesting. He strives to be like a very old, successful salesman he met that worked from home, who when he died, numerous people he knew went to his funeral. He is someone everyone can relate to and make us love him, but he also has qualities that we all loathe and make us hate him at times. This is purposefully done by Miller to only make it more shocking when Willy dies in the end – despite it is made quite obvious to readers it is inevitable. His name is also carefully planned out by Miller – Willy is an average name and nothing special, but his surname is a clear reference to what he is. ‘Loman’ – ‘low man’ is clearly meant to show how ordinary he is, despite just how much Willy strives to be the opposite. Willy’s main character flaw is that he is just too proud. For example, when he is offered a job by Charley – his neighbour – after being fired, Willy straight out refuses and is quite offended as he sees it as giving up and asking for help. This is shown by when Willy says, â€Å"I don’t want your goddam job! After Charley politely offers him a good one. Willy’s strong beliefs in the American Dream are also shown when he says, â€Å"A man can’t go out the way he came in, Ben, a man has to add up to something†, by ‘coming in’, Willy means when a man is born and by â€Å"going out†, Willy means when a man dies. Also, â€Å"adding up to something† must mean being rich in Willy’s context. This follows the American Dream in that a man makes something of himself from nothing. Willy’s greatest fear has always been dying with nothing – exactly what happens in the end. A use of dramatic irony by Miller, Willy willingly fulfils his own utmost fear. That quotation is also foreshadowing Willy’s death – another intentional device by Miller. Besides his pride, another flaw of Willy is very poor and deteriorating mental health and he is subject to random flashbacks and hallucinations – often of his dead and once very successful older brother, Ben, someone Willy idolizes. An example of one of his hallucinations is when Willy says, â€Å"Ben, I’ve been waiting for so long†, despite Ben being dead at this point. The play is also cleverly structured by Miller. Music – for example a flute – plays in the background during some scenes for an added dramatic effect. This flute is heard in both the opening and ending scene. The play also makes heavy use of flashbacks, but sometimes a flashback scene plays on stage at the same time as the scene set in the present. This technique is seen in Act Two, while Willy is in the restaurant with Biff and Happy. On the whole, the structure is skilfully used to make the storyline more immersive to the audience. Although, it does not have the same level of effect when being read from a book. The historical context of the play greatly influences both the themes and language of the play greatly. Death of a Salesman is set during the late 1940s. This time setting influences both the characters and the audience, as the play first premiered on the tenth of February, 1949 – the life of Willy Loman was something Americans going to watch the play at that time could relate to. Sixty years on, more modern audiences will react differently as times have changed and the idea of the American Dream isn’t as dominant anymore. Besides the American Dream, other common themes can be found in the play. Betrayal is quite clear as Willy betrays Linda by cheating on her with the Woman, and Willy also sees the way Biff rebels against him as betrayal and as Willy himself says, â€Å"Spite! â€Å". Another major theme would be one man – Willy in this case – being kept back from his dreams by society. In addition, the language used by characters matches the historical setting and context. In performances of the play, characters do not usually have the New Yorker accent you would expect, but they talk like a New Yorker. For example, words like ‘gee’, and rhetorically asking the person they are talking to if they ‘hear this? ‘On the subject of whether we can define Death of a Salesman as a tragedy or not is not a simple question as there is substantial evidence for both sides of the argument. To begin with, those who say that it is a tragedy may argue that it ends with the death of Willy, the main character, just like other tragedies. Moreover, Willy has explicit flaws which slowly lead to his downfall throughout the play. Finally, Willy may not ever do anything that can be deemed ‘heroic’, but within his own household he is very much a figure that is looked up to – so it may still be a tragedy, albeit on a less grand scale. In contrast, you could argue that it is not a tragedy as all other characters from Shakespeare’s tragedies were people of high standing – whereas Willy is not. Additionally, Willy is not at all a hero by any definition – in fact he is in some ways a bad person as will be shown. Finally, Shakespeare’s heroes have quite dramatic flaws, whereas Willy has the same flaws as every ordinary human being. These are quite convincing arguments to why it isn’t a tragedy. We will be looking at each argument more in-depth. The play follows the tragedies of Shakespeare in that the main character dies in the end. Willy commits suicide by crashing his car so that his family would get the life insurance money of $20,000 and make life easier for them. This is of course a noble reason to kill oneself as it is very selfless. However, it would make Willy a hypocrite as killing himself is also him giving up – something he condemned. Nevertheless, his intentions were admirable and this could make him seen as a hero since he willingly died for a selfless cause.

President Theodore Roosevelt s Military Power - 1468 Words

Although some believe that president Theodore Roosevelt abused his executive power, he did not. He was a very successful president who used his powers as president expertly during his presidency. Roosevelt used his diplomatic power wisely in the Dominican Republic and when he mediated the Russo-Japanese war. He used his legislative power effectively to influence reform policies. Roosevelt used his military power strongly to suppress Columbia and free Panama while asserting America’s military power as a leading world force. Additionally, he used his executive power in a way that benefited the U.S. greatly by protecting the environment in America while being careful not to abuse his power as chief executive. During Roosevelt’s time in office, he strengthened the United States’ ties to countries around the world. T.R. was a foreign-policy activist. He involved himself in the relations between the Dominican Republic and the European nations that the country owed mone y to. The president was afraid that European powers would start to collect their money by using force and Roosevelt didn’t want that to happen in Latin America. He asserted the United States’ power in the Western hemisphere by creating what is known as the ‘Roosevelt Corollary’ in 1904. This corollary states that â€Å"although the United States had not territorial ambitions in this hemisphere, cases of â€Å"chronic wrongdoing† on the part of a Latin American country that might invite occupation by a EuropeanShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt, President Of New York1745 Words   |  7 Pageson October 27, 1858, Theodore Roosevelt was governor of New York before becoming U.S. vice president. At age 42, Teddy Roosevelt became the youngest man to assume the U.S. presidency after President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901. He won a second term in 1904. Known for his anti-monopoly policies and ecological conservationism, Roosevelt won the Nob el Peace Prize for his part in ending the Russo-Japanese War. He died in New York on January 6, 1919. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on OctoberRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s Impact On Theu.s Navy1182 Words   |  5 PagesStefano Korkotas HH104: American Naval History Leader’s Paper Theodore Roosevelt’s Impact on the U.S Navy Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States, as well as the Secretary of the Navy prior to his presidency. The man was a known intellectual, with strong diplomatic skills and a strong sense of accomplishing the mission. One of these missions was the establishment of a strong permanent Navy that would become one of the largest in the world, establishing the United States asRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And William Howard Taft1501 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican president has unquestionably left their own unique legacy from their time in office, when comparing leaders from similar times, certain consistencies can present themselves. While the Presidency is of course beholden to constructs of political normativity subjective to the era they presided in, by choosing two POTUS’ from the same era, we can more adequately synthesize comparable actions and philosophies between the two. To this end, we will analyze the terms of Theodore Roosevelt and WilliamRead MoreT he Big Stick Policy763 Words   |  4 Pagesthis was the slogan that president Theodore Roosevelt Used to describe the Big Stick policy. This sentence led to the foreign policy that Roosevelt deployed during his presidency hence the name â€Å"Big Stick† Policy. This policy meant that the U.S. should be fair in its dealings with other countries but must always be ready to protect its own interests or in other word negotiating peacefully while simultaneously threatening with the â€Å"big stick†, or the military. Roosevelt first used the phrase inRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And His Influence On Our Lives1388 Words   |  6 PagesWho was this grad-school dropout who would preside as president of the United States and win a nobel peace prize? Theodore Roosevelt was an accomplished man that had tremendous influence on our lives today through his presidency as well as his political contributions. Over the next few pages we will take a closer look at the Theodore or â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt’s accomplishments in life, his presidency and delve into his political policies. Theodore Roosevelt’s childhood was adventurous despite him sufferingRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And Woodrow Wilson861 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are two extraordinary leaders who symbolized the dreams and aspirations of the American people during a tumultuous time in U.S. history. Both men were well versed in foreign policy and held great leadership qualities with firm views for the future of our country. Roosevelt took office in 1901 following the assassination of President William McKinley, becoming the youngest president to date. He had a motto of speak softly but carry a big stick. President RooseveltRead MoreSpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick†. Theodore Roosevelt was a man of legacy, he truly redefined1700 Words   |  7 PagesSpeak Softly and Carry a Big Stick†. Theodore Roosevelt was a man of legacy, he truly redefined the American Nation. Teddy Roosevelt was forty-three years old when he took the office of Presidency, maki ng him the youngest president in U.S. History. To many, he was the first modern day president. Roosevelt truly expanded the power of the presidency dramatically with his Square Deal, and Foreign Policy. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City to an affluent family. DueRead MoreThe Big Stick By William Allen Rogers1240 Words   |  5 Pagesdecade of the 1900’s, the United States is beginning a progressive movement and increasing involvement with foreign affairs. The president during this time Theodore Roosevelt, a republican, was one of the first modern presidents the United States had encountered and he began to not only expand the power of the presidency but also industry, business and military. This time period in the United States was know as Imperialism. Roosevelt felt like the only way to expand the US power was to strengthenRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s Influence On Latin America1290 Words   |  6 Pages Theodore Roosevelt was a President known for a very dynamic and progressive administration, and his foreign policy in Latin America was no exception. His policies in Latin America were beneficial for the rapidly growing United States, b ut left an impact on Latin America that was both positive and negative. President Roosevelt took past policies of the United States, such as the unenforced Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and amended them to have the backing of the Navy in the early 1900s. One particularRead MoreThe President Of The United States1783 Words   |  8 Pageshave been appointed to the very important role of proving to you that Theodore â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt remains our nation’s finest President, and is more than deserving of the monument that will serve as a testament to his achievements as our country’s greatest leader. Serving as the 26th President of the United States of America, Roosevelt was in office from September 14, 1901, as a result of the devastating assassination of President William McKinley, to March 4, 1909, when his second term came to an end